For many international students and nonresidents, living in the United States comes with numerous adjustments. Whether you’re studying at a university, participating in an exchange program, or working on a temporary visa, understanding how to navigate U.S. administrative systems is essential. One critical aspect of life in the U.S. is the Social Security Number (SSN), a unique identification number used for various legal, financial, and employment-related activities.
If you’re unsure whether you’re eligible for an SSN or how to obtain one, this guide will help you understand the full process. We focus on the purpose of the SSN, who is eligible to apply, the different types of Social Security cards, and key distinctions between SSNs and other identification numbers.
What Is a Social Security Number
A Social Security Number is a nine-digit number issued by the U.S. Social Security Administration. Its primary function is to track your income and work history, which determines eligibility for certain federal benefits like retirement or disability. However, over the years, its use has expanded significantly. Today, an SSN is required for opening a bank account, receiving wages, filing taxes, applying for a driver’s license in most states, and even renting an apartment.
While it may seem like a standard ID, the SSN plays a critical role in establishing your legal and financial footprint in the U.S. It is especially important for individuals who plan to stay for an extended period, whether for study, training, or employment.
Why International Students and Nonresidents Need an SSN
Many aspects of daily life in the United States require a valid SSN. Without it, performing basic tasks such as getting paid for a part-time job or filing a federal tax return can become complicated. However, not all international students and nonresidents automatically qualify for an SSN.
If you’re studying in the U.S. on an F-1 visa or participating in an exchange program under a J-1 visa, you may only obtain an SSN if you’re authorized to work. This could be through on-campus employment, optional practical training (OPT), curricular practical training (CPT), or an approved off-campus position. If you do not have employment authorization, you’re likely not eligible for an SSN but may need an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number for tax purposes instead.
The Three Types of Social Security Cards
The Social Security Administration issues three different types of cards, and the one you receive depends on your immigration status and employment eligibility.
For U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents
This is the standard SSN card issued to American citizens and lawful permanent residents. There are no restrictions on employment printed on the card. Individuals holding this card are free to work for any employer in the United States without needing additional documentation or permission.
For Temporary Workers with Employment Authorization
Nonresidents with permission to work in the U.S. are issued a Social Security card that reads valid for work only with DHS authorization. This includes students and workers holding visas such as F-1, J-1, or H-1B. The restriction indicates that while you may work, you must maintain legal immigration status and valid work permission under U.S. law.
For Nonresidents Who Need an SSN for Non-Work Purposes
In some cases, individuals may need a Social Security Number even though they are not permitted to work in the U.S. For example, someone might need it to receive federal benefits or fulfill specific legal or tax requirements. These individuals are issued a card that says not valid for employment. This type of SSN cannot be used to verify employment eligibility or to apply for a job.
Who Can Apply for an SSN
Eligibility for an SSN is not universal. Only certain categories of individuals residing in the United States may apply. You can apply if you fall into one of the following categories:
- U.S. citizens
- Lawful permanent residents (green card holders)
- Nonresident aliens authorized to work in the U.S. under a visa program
International students and exchange visitors must show evidence of authorized employment. For F-1 students, this often means having a job offer from an on-campus employer, authorization for practical training, or other documentation approved by the school’s designated official. J-1 exchange visitors must typically have written permission from their program sponsor confirming the nature and duration of their work activity.
Nonresident Aliens Without Employment Authorization
If you’re an international student without a job offer or employment authorization, you are not eligible for an SSN. In this case, if you are required to file a tax return, you should apply for an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number. This number is issued by the Internal Revenue Service and is used strictly for tax reporting. It cannot be used for employment or benefits and is not a substitute for an SSN in non-tax-related matters.
SSN vs ITIN: What’s the Difference
The SSN and the ITIN serve different functions, though both are used to identify individuals for tax purposes. The SSN is issued by the Social Security Administration and can be used to track earnings, apply for jobs, and access Social Security benefits in the long term. It’s widely accepted as a form of ID by employers, banks, and federal agencies.
On the other hand, an ITIN is issued by the IRS and is only for individuals who are not eligible for an SSN but need to file taxes. ITINs are commonly used by nonresident students who receive U.S.-based scholarships or grants that are considered taxable income but who do not have employment authorization.
International students should be careful to apply for the correct number based on their current visa status and employment eligibility. Submitting the wrong application could delay processing and result in unnecessary complications.
When Should You Apply for a Social Security Number
Timing is essential when applying for an SSN. The SSA recommends waiting at least 10 days after arriving in the United States before applying. This ensures that your arrival and immigration data have been recorded in all necessary government systems, especially the DHS database.
Applying too early may result in delays or rejections due to your records not being updated. It’s best to have your employment offer or authorization already in place before visiting the SSA office. For F-1 and J-1 visa holders, having the proper documentation from your school or sponsor is critical to a successful application.
The Application Process Overview
The process for applying for an SSN is straightforward but requires careful attention to documentation and eligibility. The first step is to complete Form SS-5, which is the official application form for a Social Security card. This form can be filled out online through the SSA website, but you must print it out and bring it to the SSA office. Online submission is not available for first-time applicants.
After completing the form, gather the required documents to verify your identity, age, and immigration status. Only original documents or certified copies are accepted. These usually include:
- Passport with your current visa
- Form I-94 showing lawful entry to the United States
- Form I-20 or DS-2019 for students and exchange visitors
- Employment Authorization Document (if applicable)
Once your application is complete and your documents are in order, you must visit your local Social Security office in person. Some locations may require an appointment, so it’s wise to check ahead. Your documents will be reviewed and, if everything is in order, the SSA will process your application and mail your SSN card to the address you provide.
How Long Does It Take to Receive Your SSN
After you apply, it typically takes two to four weeks for your card to arrive by mail. In some cases, processing can take longer if additional verification is required or if your immigration records are not yet updated in federal systems. It’s important to provide a reliable U.S. mailing address on your application to avoid delays or misdelivery.
If your card does not arrive within the expected time frame, you should contact your local SSA office to check the status of your application. Having your application receipt or any case number provided during your visit can help expedite the inquiry.
Protecting Your SSN Once You Receive It
Once your Social Security card arrives, it’s important to store it in a safe and secure place. Do not carry your card with you unless absolutely necessary. The SSN is one of the most sensitive pieces of personal information in the U.S. and can be used to access bank accounts, credit cards, and personal records.
Only provide your SSN to trusted institutions, such as your employer, school, or bank. Be cautious of unsolicited requests for your SSN, especially through phone calls, emails, or social media. If you suspect your number has been compromised, you should contact the Social Security Administration and credit bureaus immediately to take preventive measures against identity theft.
Understanding Documentation Requirements by Visa Type
Different nonimmigrant visa categories come with unique employment permissions, restrictions, and associated documentation. The U.S. Social Security Administration relies on supporting documents to confirm your identity, age, and legal status as well as to determine whether you’re authorized to work in the country.
F-1 Student Visa Holders
International students on an F-1 visa are only eligible to apply for a Social Security Number if they have secured lawful employment. This employment could be on-campus or off-campus through approved practical training programs. Your application must be supported by the following documentation:
- Valid passport and current visa
- Most recent Form I-94 (arrival/departure record), which confirms lawful entry into the U.S.
- Form I-20 (Certificate of Eligibility for Nonimmigrant Student Status) endorsed for work if applying under Curricular Practical Training (CPT)
- A letter from your Designated School Official (DSO), confirming your student status, the nature of the employment, and the employer’s name
- An official letter from your employer on company letterhead including your job title, duties, work start date, number of hours per week, and supervisor contact information
If you are working under Optional Practical Training (OPT), you will also need to submit:
- Employment Authorization Document (EAD), known as Form I-766
- Updated Form I-20 indicating authorization for OPT
J-1 Exchange Visitors
J-1 visa holders may include scholars, researchers, interns, teachers, and students participating in an approved exchange program. Most J-1 holders can apply for a Social Security Number, but only with written work authorization from their program sponsor.
Required documents typically include:
- Valid passport with J-1 visa
- Most recent Form I-94
- Form DS-2019 (Certificate of Eligibility for Exchange Visitor Status)
- Letter from your sponsor on official letterhead verifying your work authorization, employment dates, job description, and site of activity
- In some cases, Form I-766 if a separate EAD is required based on your category
H-1B Temporary Workers
H-1B visa holders are nonimmigrant workers employed in specialty occupations requiring theoretical or technical expertise. Individuals on H-1B visas are eligible to apply for an SSN upon arrival in the United States.
Required documentation includes:
- Valid passport with H-1B visa
- Form I-94 showing lawful entry
- Form I-797 approval notice (evidence of H-1B status granted by USCIS)
- Offer letter or employment verification from the U.S. employer
Unlike student visa holders, H-1B applicants are not required to show school or training-related documents. However, employment must be current and active at the time of application.
Dependents on F-2 and J-2 Visas
Dependents of F-1 and J-1 visa holders typically have more limited or no work authorization. F-2 visa holders cannot work under any circumstances and therefore are not eligible to receive an SSN. J-2 visa holders, however, may apply for an Employment Authorization Document through USCIS. If granted, they may apply for a Social Security Number using their EAD as proof of work eligibility.
Other Eligible Nonimmigrants
There are several other visa types, such as O-1 (extraordinary ability), L-1 (intra-company transferee), and TN (Canadian and Mexican professionals under NAFTA), whose holders may be eligible for SSNs. The general requirements remain similar:
- Valid visa and passport
- Form I-94 confirming status
- Proof of lawful employment or employer letter
- Form I-797 approval notice (if applicable)
Always check with your employer or sponsoring institution before applying, as eligibility and document requirements can vary slightly based on status and processing history.
Completing Form SS-5: Step-by-Step Guide
Form SS-5 is the official application for a Social Security Card. Though straightforward, it must be completed accurately and in full. This form can be downloaded from the official Social Security Administration website or completed online and printed for submission.
Section 1: Name
Write your full name exactly as it appears on your immigration documents and passport. If you have previously used a different name in the United States, indicate that under prior legal name.
Section 2: Social Security Number
Skip this section if you have never been issued an SSN before. If you are replacing or updating a previous card, enter the number here.
Section 3: Place and Date of Birth
Provide your full date of birth and country of birth. Make sure this information matches your passport exactly.
Section 4: Citizenship Status
As an international student or nonresident, select the option indicating noncitizen who has permission to work. If you are applying for a card for non-work purposes, such as for a benefit, this must be clarified during the interview at the SSA office.
Section 5: Ethnic and Racial Background
This section is voluntary and will not affect your application. You may choose to skip it.
Section 6: Sex
Check the appropriate box.
Section 7: Parents’ Names and SSNs
Include your biological parents’ full names and SSNs if known. If you do not know or your parents were not issued SSNs, you may leave the SSN fields blank.
Section 8: Prior SSN Applications
Indicate whether you have ever filed for or received a Social Security card in the past. If yes, provide details.
Section 9: Mailing Address
Enter the complete address where your SSN card should be mailed. Use a secure, reliable address. This is often your school’s international student office or your local residence.
Section 10: Daytime Phone Number
Enter your U.S. phone number, if available. This helps the SSA contact you in case there are any issues with your application.
Section 11: Signature
Sign the form using blue or black ink. Do not use a pencil or electronic signature.
Submission Instructions
Once the form is complete, you must bring it, along with all supporting documents, to your nearest Social Security office. First-time applicants must apply in person. Mail-in applications are only accepted in rare circumstances and typically for card replacements or updates for existing holders.
Preparing for Your SSA Office Visit
Preparing ahead of time can help you avoid long waits and ensure that your application is not delayed due to missing documentation. Here are key steps to take before heading to your local SSA office.
Confirm Office Hours and Location
Use the SSA office locator tool on their official website to find the nearest office. Confirm their operating hours, whether you need an appointment, and what safety protocols may still be in place.
Organize Your Documentation
Place all required documents in a folder or envelope in the order you will present them. Bring only original documents. Photocopies, scanned versions, and even notarized copies are not accepted.
Typical required items include:
- Completed Form SS-5
- Valid passport
- Current visa
- Form I-94
- Employment authorization documents (I-20 with CPT endorsement, DS-2019, EAD, or sponsor/employer letters)
Arrive Early
While walk-ins are accepted at many SSA offices, they often operate on a first-come, first-served basis. Arriving early can reduce your wait time significantly.
Be Ready for Questions
The SSA clerk may ask clarifying questions about your visa type, employment status, or reason for needing an SSN. Be honest and concise. Having written confirmation from your DSO or sponsor will help ensure the process moves smoothly.
Language Support
If you’re more comfortable speaking in a language other than English, consider bringing a friend or advisor with you to interpret. Some SSA offices also provide language assistance upon request.
Common Issues Faced When Applying for an SSN
Applying for an SSN as a nonresident is more complex than it is for a U.S. citizen or permanent resident. The additional immigration checks and employment verification steps introduce several points where delays can occur. Below are the most common issues faced by international applicants.
Immigration Status Not Updated in SSA Systems
The Social Security Administration must verify your status with the Department of Homeland Security. If your arrival information has not yet been processed or updated in government databases such as SAVE (Systematic Alien Verification for Entitlements), the SSA may be unable to confirm your eligibility. This is one reason why waiting 10 days after arrival before applying is strongly recommended.
Incomplete or Incorrect Documentation
Submitting incorrect or incomplete documents is one of the leading causes of application rejection. Applicants often forget to provide an original I-94 record or a properly signed job offer letter from their employer. Others submit photocopies or scans instead of original immigration documents. The SSA requires original paperwork or certified copies issued by the relevant agency.
Mismatched Personal Information
Even minor inconsistencies in your personal information can result in application denial. For example, if your name is spelled differently on your passport and your I-20 form, or if your date of birth is inconsistent across documents, your application could be flagged. Always double-check your documents for accuracy and consistency before submission.
Employment Authorization Not Recognized
Some employers or school officials may not provide letters that meet the SSA’s specific guidelines for proof of employment. Without a properly formatted job offer letter or sponsor approval, your employment eligibility may not be accepted. This is particularly important for F-1 students working on campus or under CPT.
Duplicate Applications
Occasionally, applicants unknowingly submit multiple applications, especially after a delay in receiving their SSN. This can cause confusion and even result in denial. It is important to contact the SSA before reapplying if you believe your first application has not been processed.
What to Do If Your SSN Application Is Delayed or Rejected
Experiencing a delay or rejection in your SSN application can be frustrating, especially if you need your number to begin employment or receive payment. Fortunately, there are steps you can take to resolve the issue.
Contact the SSA for Application Status
If you applied in person but have not received your card within four weeks, contact your local SSA office to request an update. Be ready to provide your application date, your full name, mailing address, and any receipt or reference number you were given during your visit. SSA staff may be able to determine whether additional verification is required.
Follow Up with Your DSO or Sponsor
If your employment authorization is in question, your Designated School Official (DSO) or J-1 sponsor may need to issue a revised or clearer letter confirming your eligibility. Make sure the letter includes all required details such as your job title, supervisor’s name, work start date, and number of hours per week.
Visit the Office with Updated Documents
In some cases, you may need to return to the SSA office with corrected or additional documentation. If you received a letter outlining the reasons for your rejection, bring that letter with you. When resubmitting your application, include any revised employment or immigration documents requested.
Check SAVE Case Verification Status
If your status verification is pending through the SAVE system, you can check your case status online using the DHS verification tool. If the SSA is still waiting for clearance, this system can confirm whether further action is needed on your part or if the delay is administrative.
Avoid Submitting Multiple Applications
Do not reapply without contacting the SSA first. Duplicate applications may cause confusion or delay your SSN issuance further. Always wait for clear guidance from the SSA before resubmitting a new form or set of documents.
When an ITIN May Be a Better Option
Some international students and nonresidents do not meet the criteria for obtaining a Social Security Number. In these situations, the appropriate alternative is the Individual Taxpayer Identification Number. This number is issued by the Internal Revenue Service and is intended solely for tax purposes.
Who Should Apply for an ITIN
Individuals who need to file a U.S. tax return but are not eligible for a Social Security Number should apply for an ITIN. Common scenarios include:
- F-1 students who are not authorized to work but receive taxable scholarships or grants
- Dependents of visa holders who do not have employment authorization
- Nonresident spouses of U.S. citizens or residents who are claimed as dependents on a tax return
How to Apply for an ITIN
To apply for an ITIN, you must complete Form W-7 and submit it with your tax return. Supporting documentation, such as a passport, visa, and a letter from your school, must be submitted as well. Applications can be sent by mail or submitted through an IRS-authorized Certifying Acceptance Agent. Processing times vary, so it’s best to apply well in advance of tax deadlines.
Limitations of the ITIN
While the ITIN serves an important role in tax filing, it cannot be used for employment or to access Social Security benefits. It also is not a general-purpose identification number and should not be confused with an SSN when completing other legal or financial forms.
After You Receive Your SSN: Best Practices for Protection
Once you receive your Social Security Number, your responsibilities don’t end. Because the SSN is tied to your financial records, identity, and work history, protecting it from misuse is essential. Identity theft is a growing issue, and nonresidents unfamiliar with U.S. systems may be particularly vulnerable.
Never Share Your SSN Unnecessarily
Only provide your SSN when it is legally required. This includes situations like:
- Employment verification by your employer
- Filing federal or state taxes
- Opening a U.S. bank account
- Applying for a driver’s license (in states that require it)
Avoid giving out your SSN over the phone or email unless you are certain of the legitimacy of the request. Scammers often impersonate government agencies or financial institutions to extract personal information.
Store Your SSN Card in a Safe Place
Do not carry your Social Security card in your wallet or purse. If the card is lost or stolen, your number can be used for fraudulent purposes. Keep the card in a locked, secure place and use alternative forms of ID whenever possible.
Monitor Your Financial Activity
After obtaining your SSN, regularly check your U.S. credit report and bank statements for suspicious activity. Even if you have no credit history yet, it’s possible for others to misuse your number to open fraudulent accounts. You are entitled to one free credit report per year from each of the three major credit bureaus.
Report Loss or Misuse Immediately
If you lose your SSN card or believe your number has been compromised, take action immediately. Contact the Social Security Administration to report the loss. You should also alert the Federal Trade Commission and consider placing a fraud alert on your credit reports.
Updating Your SSN Record
If your immigration status changes or you become a permanent resident, you must notify the SSA so they can update your record. Visit your local SSA office with your new immigration documents and complete any necessary forms. Keeping your SSA record current is essential for accurate work and benefit tracking.
Conclusion
Navigating the process of obtaining a Social Security Number as an international student or nonresident in the United States may seem complex at first, but with the right information and preparation, it can be managed smoothly and confidently. Across this series, we have explored the foundational role of the SSN in the U.S. system, who is eligible to apply, the types of Social Security cards issued, and the clear steps required to complete your application. We’ve also addressed visa-specific documentation, potential issues that can arise during the process, and what to do when your application is delayed or denied.
A Social Security Number is far more than just a formality, it serves as your key identifier within the U.S. tax and employment systems. If you’re eligible, securing your SSN will help you get paid legally, file your taxes correctly, build a U.S. credit history, and even access financial services. If you’re not eligible, understanding when an ITIN is the correct alternative ensures that you still fulfill your U.S. tax obligations accurately and on time.
Once your SSN is issued, protecting it is critical. This unique number is linked to your financial and personal identity, and any misuse or compromise can have long-term consequences. Always store your SSN safely, limit its disclosure, and remain alert to signs of identity fraud.
Whether you’re pursuing education, training, research, or temporary employment in the U.S., your Social Security Number is a vital part of integrating responsibly into the system. By staying informed, following official procedures, and seeking support when needed from your university, employer, or the Social Security Administration, you can ensure a successful and secure experience throughout your time in the United States.